Tarihin Ci gaban Tsarin Karfe a cikin manyan gine-ginen da yawa

A cikin tarihin aikin mutum, kayan halitta kamar ƙasa, dutse da itace da mutane suka fara amfani da itace azaman kayan gini. Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha a cikin mutane, baƙin ƙarfe da ƙarfe da kuma kayan abu mai ƙarfi, yana yiwuwa don gina babban gine-gine da manyan gine-gine.

Manufar baƙin ƙarfe da masana'antar ƙarfe a Turai ta haɓaka farkon farkon, kuma don haka baƙin ƙarfe da gine-ginen ƙarfe a Turai kuma aikace-aikacen farko ne. 1720 Turai ta fara babban sikelin ƙarfe na alade, 1784 an samar da manyan baƙin ƙarfe Ginin da yawa (1793) da farko cikakken gina ginin ginin ɗakin baƙin ƙarfe (1797) a Biritaniya.

A taro samar da bayanan bayanan I-baƙin ƙarfe a cikin 1254, wanda ya fi dacewa da kayan gini a cikin 1862, ginin cakulan ya kira ni - Figkili na 1, Ginshi yana da mafi kyawun kayan abinci, da kuma masana'anta na 1, wanda aka gina a kusa da Paris a cikin 1874, ginin cakulan ya kira ni - Figkili ne a kusa da Paris na Turai. An gina ginin ne kawai, tare da katako da ginshiƙai masu tsauri da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gine-ginen ƙarfe da yawa na zamani.

Hoto 1-1

An gabatar da tsarin yanki a cikin Amurka a farkon karni na 19, zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da gine-ginen birane a cikin Amurka zuwa saurin ci gaban Amurka. 1885 a cikin Amurka ta Amurka a Chicago ta kammala a cikin abin da ake ganin ginin ƙarfe na farko na duniya na farko - ginin inshora na farko, 55m na gida (Hoto na 1-2). Ginin yana amfani da katako na ƙarfe da tsarin jikin baƙin ƙarfe, bangon bulan baƙin ƙarfe, har yanzu bango yana ɗaukar bango. Labari na 9, 37-Mita-babban gini da kanti gini, da aka gina a Chicago a cikin 1889, ya yi amfani da bango mai nauyi, kuma a kawar da bangon firam na farko na ci gaba na farko.

Hoto 1-2

A karni na 20, tare da haɓaka hanyar ƙirar ƙarfe, ginin ƙarfe a cikin Amurka sun fara shigar da "skyscraper". 1900 a kusa da kammala na 36-Labaran Tsarin Sarkar Park Round Ginin gini a New York, shine ginin ginin duniya a lokacin. 1907 a New York ya kammala ginin mawaƙi, 47-Labari na 187M Babban, shine Pyramid na farko na zamani fiye da na Masar tashi mai tsayi mai tsayi. A cikin 1918, New York ya kammala labarin 60-82, babban ginin mita-miol-darajar, ginin mafi tsayi a duniya. Kuma a cikin 1931 a New York ya kammala 192-Labari na 381m babban ginin daular kasa (Hoto na 1-3), wannan birni ne a duniya mafi girman bayanan gine-ginen duniya tsawon shekaru 40.

Hoto 1-3

A shekarar 1965, Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan, wani sanannen injiniyar mai tsari na Som (Skidmore, uningsitar da masarautar silo, kuma an tsara shi a kan wannan sabon tsarin gine-gine (TABSLE 1-1), gami da sanannun Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (Hoto 1-4) da Hasumiyar Sears (Hoto 1-5). Dangane da wannan sabon tsarin ra'ayi da saurin ci gaban injiniyoyi na zamani (Table 1-1), gami da sanannun Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (Fig. 1-5).

Hoto 1-4

Hoto na 1-5

Baya ga Amurka, kasar Japan ita ce da ke da manyan gine-gine masu girma, dalili na baƙin ƙarfe da kuma masana'antar ƙarfe, akwai wani muhimmin dalilin la'akari da juriya na girgizar kasa. Saboda Japan ƙasar kasa ce mai yawa, har zuwa shekarar 1963 lambar ginin Jafananci kawai ba a ba da damar wuce haddi ba. A cikin Semansanci, wuta, iska da sauran batutuwan kimiyya, Japan a 1965, da farko da ke kan shinge na tsegumi, Tokyo, Sabuwar Otani. Tun daga wannan lokacin, gine-ginen manya mai ƙarfi a Japan ya kasance da saurin ci gaba na 36-Labari na 147m babban karfe, Japan ya shiga cikin lokacin ci gaban karfe. A cikin 1980s, jimlar yawan gashin gine-gine a Japan na biyu ne ga na U.ST., kuma a cikin binciken samarwa da kuma samar da ƙarfe, da haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma haɓaka ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma samar da tushen arziki, kuma a zahiri samar da halayensu. A halin yanzu, mafi yawan sabbin gine-ginen haushi sama da benaye 20 a cikin Japan dauko tsarin karfe.

Masarautar Ingila ita ce mafi kyawun rabo na gine-ginen ƙarfe a Turai, a cewar yankin, kusan kashi 50% na gine-ginen ƙarfe, farkon 1980s Burtaniya-manyan gine-ginen launin fata daban-daban. Amfani gama gari a cikin gine-ginen bakin ciki a Burtaniya ya amfana daga tallafi na dogon lokaci (daga baya don zama corus) a cikin bincike na Biritaniya (daga baya ya zama corus) a cikin bincike na Biritaniya, ci gaban fasaha da kuma ilimin ƙwayoyin ƙarfe.

Kudu maso gabashin Asiya shine mai sakaci ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya, ya fara gina gine-gine masu yawa a wannan yankin bayan 1970s, amma akasarin su ana karfafa tsarin kwadago. Koyaya, bayan shigar da shekarun 1990s, amfani da ƙwayar ƙarfe a cikin gine-ginen ƙasa na shekara, kuma yawan bankin Sin mai tsayi da yawa, a cikin Fig .a, a ciki 1997 (Fig. 1-7).

Hoto na 1-6

Hoto na 1-7

Kazalika da na 101, 501-beluge Ginin Cibiyar Finalii 508m-manyan Taipei (Hoto na 1-8) kammala a Taipei sune wakilin gine-ginen-sama mai tsayi.

Hoto na 1-8

Hoto na 1-9

Saboda dalilan da dalilai na fasaha da tattalin arziki, an gina gine-ginen ƙarfe mai girma a China tun tsakiyar shekarun 1980s. Tun daga nan, tare da sake fasalin kasar Sin da kuma bude bangashin tattalin arziki, an gina manyan gine-ginen zinare, da kuma labarai masu yawa na Tianjin. Jin Mao hasumiya (Fig. 1-9), wanda yake a yanzu haka ne mafi tsayi a yankin China, an jera shi a matsayin na ukun duniya. A cikin 1998, labarin 88-mita-mitet-m mita-metit-mitar Jinmao hasumiya (Hoto na 1-9) a halin yanzu an gina shi mafi girma a cikin duniya mai girma ta ƙasar Sin.